Through J-SPARC(※1), GITAI Inc. (Founder & CEO: Mr. Sho Nakanose, hereafter “GITAI”)(※2) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (President: Dr. Hiroshi Yamakawa, hereafter “JAXA”) have entered a partnership to co-create a business concept to provide Robotics as a Service (RaaS) by identifying in-space tasks that need to be robotized, and developing the robotics technology necessary to conduct such tasks.
As the first such commercial entity in the world, in 2021, GITAI will conduct a technical demonstration of autonomous operations and automation of specific tasks with its robot on the International Space Station (ISS). JAXA will support GITAI’s operations through technical cooperation and acquire new knowledge on space robotics. Furthermore, with prospects of activity on the ISS and beyond, GITAI and JAXA will come up with ideas for novel services provided by space robots.
In order to realize autonomous operations and automation of tasks inside the ISS such as daily operations, maintenance, scientific experiments, etc., GITAI has built their own mock-up environment of the Kibo module for robot development and verifications. And in 2021, GITAI will become the first commercial company in the world to conduct a technical demonstration of a robot executing versatile tasks (various switches and cable operations, assembly of structures and panels, etc.) in collaboration with Nanoracks inside their Bishop(※3) airlock. The data collected through this technical demonstration will be utilized for future space missions such as the lunar orbiting Gateway and the Artemis program, also for terrestrial applications such as remote medical care and disaster relief.
In order to accelerate utilization of low-earth orbit (LEO) including the Kibo module, JAXA is promoting further commercial use of Kibo. Realizing a robot that can support tasks conducted by the astronauts will contribute not only to raise task efficiency, but also promote further commercial use of Kibo and improve the sophistication of experiments conducted in Kibo. JAXA will support GITAI’s on-orbit technology demonstration by providing technical expertise for verification analysis acquired through Kibo system operations. This will also help JAXA to gain new insights on space robotics and further discussions on future demonstrations and utilization of space robotics in the Kibo module.
Through this business concept co-creation partnership, GITAI and JAXA will accelerate discussions on RaaS and business opportunities provided by space robots, provide a solution for safety and cost issues related to human space activities, and answer the growing demand for tasks to be conducted in space.
※1：GITAI is a space robotics start-up developing robots that can answer the demand for tasks to be conducted in various realms of space, with a goal to reduce the cost of space labor by 100 times. Focusing on:
1. IVA and EVA (Extra-Vehicular Activity) tasks on space stations;
2. Tasks related to OOS satellites (Docking, refueling, and repairs of existing satellites; debris removal);
3. Various tasks for lunar exploration and lunar base construction;
GITAI will develop robots that can work in the harsh space environment and conduct any kind of task required by the customer. This in turn will bring about a true dawn of the space commercialization age.
https://gitai.tech/
※2：J-SPARC (JAXA Space Innovation through Partnership and Co-creation) is a business incubation program starting with conversations between JAXA and private entities aiming to start a business in space. With a commitment to commercialization from both sides, JAXA and the private entity will collaborate to develop and demonstrate technology with the goal of a business concept in mind. Starting in May of 2018, 20 projects have been kicked off up to date. For business concept co-creation, JAXA will support market research and incubating a business plan, and for business co-verification, conduct joint feasibility studies, technology development and demonstrations leading to commercialization.
http://aerospacebiz.jaxa.jp/solution/j-sparc/
※3：Developed by Nanoracks, Bishop is a commercial airlock module installed on Node 3 of the ISS.
https://nanoracks.com/bishop-airlock/
■Related Links
Ground experiment video of the GITAI robot technical demonstration for versatile tasks inside the Nanoracks Bishop airlock (recorded in the ISS mock-up facility@GITAI Tokyo office)
Video of the business co-creation project between GITAI and JAXA
Comments from GITAI Founder & CEO, Sho Nakanose
We are very excited to have this opportunity to collaborate with JAXA to accelerate the technical demonstration and commercialization of GITAI’s space robotics. In the current space market, there are many players trying to solve the space transportation problem, but very few standing up to the challenge to provide an alternative option for getting work done in space. However, in today’s booming space industry, there is a growing demand for versatile tasks to be conducted in space, but in a more reasonable and non-life-threatening manner. With the success of this technical demonstration, GITAI will be able to provide a significantly cheaper and safer means of conducting various tasks in space, which will bring about a true dawn of the space commercialization age.
Comments from JAXA Director of Management and Integration Department, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Kazuyoshi Kawasaki
With the goal of growing the LEO community including the Kibo module, JAXA is creating and accelerating the next generation of space utilization by promoting participation of research institutions and private companies across all industries in Japan. Through these activities, a space robot supporting the astronauts working in Kibo will become a reality, not only contributing to raise task efficiency, but also promoting further commercial use of Kibo and improving the sophistication of experiments conducted in Kibo. The cutting-edge technology that will be nurtured in space will also become the spark for new innovations back on Earth. This collaboration will open up new opportunities in space, and mixing it with the human space technologies and R&D results of JAXA, we envision the results of this collaboration to be widely utilized in future commercial space activities and contribute to create new industries and scientific discoveries.
https://gitai.tech/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/jaxa-gitai_1.png8981700gitaitechhttps://gitai.tech/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/gitai-logo.svggitaitech2020-09-14 11:30:532024-06-01 20:43:13GITAI & JAXA partner to co-create a business concept for the world’s first “Space Robot Business”
Ground experiment video of the GITAI robot technical demonstration for versatile tasks inside the Nanoracks Bishop Airlock (recorded in the ISS mock-up facility@GITAI Tokyo office)
In 2021, space robotics start-up GITAI, in collaboration with Nanoracks, will conduct a technical demonstration of a GITAI robot executing versatile tasks inside the Nanoracks’ Bishop airlock module installed on Node 3 of the International Space Station (ISS). In this technical demonstration, GITAI’s space robot “S1” will be installed inside Bishop’s pressurized volume to conduct two experiments: IVA (Intra-Vehicular Activity) tasks such as switch and cable operations, and assembly of structures and panels to demonstrate its capability for ISA (In-Space Assembly). All operations conducted by the S1 GITAI robotic arm will be autonomous, followed by some teleoperations from Nanoracks’ in-house mission control. GITAI is managing the technical development of the S1 space robotic arm. Nanoracks is providing the launch opportunity, managing on-orbit operations, and data downlink. Nanoracks is providing this launch opportunity to the ISS via their Space Act Agreement with NASA.
Through this technical demonstration, GITAI will acquire the technology, know-how, and experience necessary to develop a robot that can conduct versatile tasks in space. This demonstration will be applied to future development of autonomous robots working in the harsh space environment that can conduct docking, repairs, and maintenance tasks for On-Orbit Servicing (OOS) and conduct various tasks for lunar exploration and lunar base construction.
“We are very excited to be the world’s first private company to conduct a technical demonstration of a space robot, in collaboration with the world’s leading provider of commercial space services, Nanoracks,” says GITAI’s Founder & CEO, Mr. Sho Nakanose. “In the current space market, there are many players trying to solve the space transportation problem, but very few standing up to the challenge to provide an alternative option for getting work done in space. However, in today’s booming space industry, there is a growing demand for versatile tasks to be conducted in space, but in a more reasonable and non-life-threatening manner. With the success of this technical demonstration, GITAI will be able to provide a significantly cheaper and safer means of conducting various tasks in space, which will bring about a true dawn of the space commercialization age.”
“We are thrilled to be working with GITAI for the first commercial project scheduled in the Bishop Airlock,” says Nanoracks CEO Jeffrey Manber. “We designed Bishop with the goal of providing increased commercial access to the International Space Station (ISS) and building a platform that allows for complex and customizable projects that were not able to be completed on the ISS before. The Bishop Airlock is a place for creativity, and we cannot wait to see GITAI’s robotics come to life and enable incredible new technology.”
About GITAI
GITAI is a space robotics start-up developing robots that can answer the demand for tasks to be conducted in various realms of space, with a goal to reduce the cost of space labor by 100 times. Focusing on:
1.IVA and EVA (Extra-Vehicular Activity) tasks on space stations;
2.Tasks related to OOS satellites (Docking, refueling, and repairs of existing satellites; debris removal);
3.Various tasks for lunar exploration and lunar base construction;
GITAI will develop robots that can work in the harsh space environment and conduct any kind of task required by the customer. This in turn will bring about a true dawn of the space commercialization age.
Company: GITAI Inc. (US HQ), GITAI Japan (Japan subsidiary) CEO: Mr. Sho Nakanose URL：https://gitai.tech/en/ Inquiries: info@gitai.tech Official Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/GITAI-1515952648445089/ Official Twitter Account: https://twitter.com/GITAI64818084
About Nanoracks
Nanoracks LLC, an XO Markets company, is the world’s leading provider of commercial space services. Nanoracks believes commercial space utilization will enable innovation through in-space manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, fiber optics – and more, allow for revolutionary Earth observation, and make space a key player in finding the solution to Earth’s problems.
Today, the company offers low-cost, high-quality solutions to the most pressing needs for satellite deployment, basic and educational research, and more –in over 30 nations worldwide. Nanoracks’ future goals are focused on the re-purposing of the upper stages of launch vehicles in-space and converting these structures into commercial habitats, both humanly and robotically tended, throughout the solar system.
XO Markets, the world’s first commercial space holding company, includes Nanoracks LLC, Nanoracks UAE, and wholly owned subsidiaries DreamUp and Nanoracks Space Outpost Europe (Nanoracks-Europe).
https://gitai.tech/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Bishop-S1-robot_ver0.2.jpg7161152gitaitechhttps://gitai.tech/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/gitai-logo.svggitaitech2020-09-10 00:24:542024-06-01 20:43:13GITAI and Nanoracks announce technical demonstration of a GITAI robot inside the Bishop Airlock
GITAI, developing task substitution robots specifically for space applications, has completed US$4.1M fundraising as of June 2019
GITAI (HQ: San Francisco, US; Japan Branch: Meguro, Tokyo), developing task substitution robots specifically for space applications, has completed fundraising activities as of June 2019, successfully raising an additional US$4.1 million (approximately JP¥450 million) from lead investors Spiral Ventures Japan, new investors DBJ Capital (Development Bank of Japan Group) and J-Power (Electric Power Development Co., Ltd.), as well as existing investors 500 Startups Japan (now Coral Capital).
GITAI is considering carrying out further capital raising in this round, with the goal of completing fundraising activities within this year, backed by a number of investors and corporate investors, with whom discussions are currently under way. The maximum total raised is expected to be US$10 million. GITAI plans to utilize the funds obtained from the current round to support the ongoing development of their task substitution robot, and for the planned launch of a demonstration model to the International Space Station (ISS) by the end of 2020.
■ About GITAI
In correspondence to the increasing competition of commercial space development around the globe, the demand for in-space operations is rapidly growing. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) space stations such as the ISS are being considered as platforms for commercial activities, and with US companies developing a host of commercial space stations intended to serve as space hotels and science labs, the demand is growing even more. In response to the rapidly growing demand for in-space operations, GITAI is a robotics start-up facing the challenge of providing Robotics as a Service (RaaS) performing operations safely and precisely, in order to ease the burden of the astronauts while cutting down work hours and reducing operation costs. GITAI tied a joint research contract with JAXA in December 2018, and in March 2019, an MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) with Asia’s largest satellite communication provider, Sky Perfect JSAT. Of the 9 full-time members of GITAI, 6 are PhDs, 5 of whom are alumni of Tokyo University, and 2 of them serving as research associate there. The former Founder & CEO of SCHAFT (acquired by Google in 2013), Yuto Nakanishi has also joined GITAI in March of this year as the full-time COO, accelerating development of the GITAI robot.
■ About GITAI’s Robots
GITAI aims to ease the burden of the astronauts while cutting down work hours and reducing operation costs by developing robots that can substitute astronaut operations performing tasks both inside and outside the ISS. The latest GITAI (6th generation) robot, under the limited network environment of the ISS, succeeded in conducting operations (switch operations, using tools, handling soft objects, performing scientific experiments, heavy load manipulations, etc.) that until now were considered extremely difficult for a single robot to perform.
https://gitai.tech/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/d42239-8-856724-3.png365650隆太富山https://gitai.tech/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/gitai-logo.svg隆太富山2019-08-20 13:41:002024-06-01 20:43:13SPACE DEVELOPMENT ROBOT START-UP “GITAI” COMPLETES US$4.1M FUNDRAISING
GITAI & JAXA partner to co-create a business concept for the world’s first “Space Robot Business”
NEWSThrough J-SPARC(※1), GITAI Inc. (Founder & CEO: Mr. Sho Nakanose, hereafter “GITAI”)(※2) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (President: Dr. Hiroshi Yamakawa, hereafter “JAXA”) have entered a partnership to co-create a business concept to provide Robotics as a Service (RaaS) by identifying in-space tasks that need to be robotized, and developing the robotics technology necessary to conduct such tasks.
As the first such commercial entity in the world, in 2021, GITAI will conduct a technical demonstration of autonomous operations and automation of specific tasks with its robot on the International Space Station (ISS). JAXA will support GITAI’s operations through technical cooperation and acquire new knowledge on space robotics. Furthermore, with prospects of activity on the ISS and beyond, GITAI and JAXA will come up with ideas for novel services provided by space robots.
JAXA will acquire new knowledge through technical collaborations with GITAI for their on-board technical demonstration and co-create business concepts based on novel services provided by space robots (© GITAI・JAXA)
In order to realize autonomous operations and automation of tasks inside the ISS such as daily operations, maintenance, scientific experiments, etc., GITAI has built their own mock-up environment of the Kibo module for robot development and verifications. And in 2021, GITAI will become the first commercial company in the world to conduct a technical demonstration of a robot executing versatile tasks (various switches and cable operations, assembly of structures and panels, etc.) in collaboration with Nanoracks inside their Bishop(※3) airlock. The data collected through this technical demonstration will be utilized for future space missions such as the lunar orbiting Gateway and the Artemis program, also for terrestrial applications such as remote medical care and disaster relief.
In order to accelerate utilization of low-earth orbit (LEO) including the Kibo module, JAXA is promoting further commercial use of Kibo. Realizing a robot that can support tasks conducted by the astronauts will contribute not only to raise task efficiency, but also promote further commercial use of Kibo and improve the sophistication of experiments conducted in Kibo. JAXA will support GITAI’s on-orbit technology demonstration by providing technical expertise for verification analysis acquired through Kibo system operations. This will also help JAXA to gain new insights on space robotics and further discussions on future demonstrations and utilization of space robotics in the Kibo module.
Through this business concept co-creation partnership, GITAI and JAXA will accelerate discussions on RaaS and business opportunities provided by space robots, provide a solution for safety and cost issues related to human space activities, and answer the growing demand for tasks to be conducted in space.
Ground experiment image of the GITAI robot inside the Nanoracks Bishop airlock (taken in the ISS mock-up facility@GITAI Tokyo office) © GITAI Inc.
※1：GITAI is a space robotics start-up developing robots that can answer the demand for tasks to be conducted in various realms of space, with a goal to reduce the cost of space labor by 100 times. Focusing on: 1. IVA and EVA (Extra-Vehicular Activity) tasks on space stations; 2. Tasks related to OOS satellites (Docking, refueling, and repairs of existing satellites; debris removal); 3. Various tasks for lunar exploration and lunar base construction; GITAI will develop robots that can work in the harsh space environment and conduct any kind of task required by the customer. This in turn will bring about a true dawn of the space commercialization age.
https://gitai.tech/
※2：J-SPARC (JAXA Space Innovation through Partnership and Co-creation) is a business incubation program starting with conversations between JAXA and private entities aiming to start a business in space. With a commitment to commercialization from both sides, JAXA and the private entity will collaborate to develop and demonstrate technology with the goal of a business concept in mind. Starting in May of 2018, 20 projects have been kicked off up to date. For business concept co-creation, JAXA will support market research and incubating a business plan, and for business co-verification, conduct joint feasibility studies, technology development and demonstrations leading to commercialization.
http://aerospacebiz.jaxa.jp/solution/j-sparc/
※3：Developed by Nanoracks, Bishop is a commercial airlock module installed on Node 3 of the ISS.
https://nanoracks.com/bishop-airlock/
■Related Links
Ground experiment video of the GITAI robot technical demonstration for versatile tasks inside the Nanoracks Bishop airlock (recorded in the ISS mock-up facility@GITAI Tokyo office)
Video of the business co-creation project between GITAI and JAXA
Comments from GITAI Founder & CEO, Sho Nakanose
We are very excited to have this opportunity to collaborate with JAXA to accelerate the technical demonstration and commercialization of GITAI’s space robotics. In the current space market, there are many players trying to solve the space transportation problem, but very few standing up to the challenge to provide an alternative option for getting work done in space. However, in today’s booming space industry, there is a growing demand for versatile tasks to be conducted in space, but in a more reasonable and non-life-threatening manner. With the success of this technical demonstration, GITAI will be able to provide a significantly cheaper and safer means of conducting various tasks in space, which will bring about a true dawn of the space commercialization age.
Comments from JAXA Director of Management and Integration Department, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Kazuyoshi Kawasaki
With the goal of growing the LEO community including the Kibo module, JAXA is creating and accelerating the next generation of space utilization by promoting participation of research institutions and private companies across all industries in Japan. Through these activities, a space robot supporting the astronauts working in Kibo will become a reality, not only contributing to raise task efficiency, but also promoting further commercial use of Kibo and improving the sophistication of experiments conducted in Kibo. The cutting-edge technology that will be nurtured in space will also become the spark for new innovations back on Earth. This collaboration will open up new opportunities in space, and mixing it with the human space technologies and R&D results of JAXA, we envision the results of this collaboration to be widely utilized in future commercial space activities and contribute to create new industries and scientific discoveries.
GITAI and Nanoracks announce technical demonstration of a GITAI robot inside the Bishop Airlock
NEWSGround experiment video of the GITAI robot technical demonstration for versatile tasks inside the Nanoracks Bishop Airlock (recorded in the ISS mock-up facility@GITAI Tokyo office)
In 2021, space robotics start-up GITAI, in collaboration with Nanoracks, will conduct a technical demonstration of a GITAI robot executing versatile tasks inside the Nanoracks’ Bishop airlock module installed on Node 3 of the International Space Station (ISS). In this technical demonstration, GITAI’s space robot “S1” will be installed inside Bishop’s pressurized volume to conduct two experiments: IVA (Intra-Vehicular Activity) tasks such as switch and cable operations, and assembly of structures and panels to demonstrate its capability for ISA (In-Space Assembly). All operations conducted by the S1 GITAI robotic arm will be autonomous, followed by some teleoperations from Nanoracks’ in-house mission control. GITAI is managing the technical development of the S1 space robotic arm. Nanoracks is providing the launch opportunity, managing on-orbit operations, and data downlink. Nanoracks is providing this launch opportunity to the ISS via their Space Act Agreement with NASA.
Through this technical demonstration, GITAI will acquire the technology, know-how, and experience necessary to develop a robot that can conduct versatile tasks in space. This demonstration will be applied to future development of autonomous robots working in the harsh space environment that can conduct docking, repairs, and maintenance tasks for On-Orbit Servicing (OOS) and conduct various tasks for lunar exploration and lunar base construction.
“We are very excited to be the world’s first private company to conduct a technical demonstration of a space robot, in collaboration with the world’s leading provider of commercial space services, Nanoracks,” says GITAI’s Founder & CEO, Mr. Sho Nakanose. “In the current space market, there are many players trying to solve the space transportation problem, but very few standing up to the challenge to provide an alternative option for getting work done in space. However, in today’s booming space industry, there is a growing demand for versatile tasks to be conducted in space, but in a more reasonable and non-life-threatening manner. With the success of this technical demonstration, GITAI will be able to provide a significantly cheaper and safer means of conducting various tasks in space, which will bring about a true dawn of the space commercialization age.”
“We are thrilled to be working with GITAI for the first commercial project scheduled in the Bishop Airlock,” says Nanoracks CEO Jeffrey Manber. “We designed Bishop with the goal of providing increased commercial access to the International Space Station (ISS) and building a platform that allows for complex and customizable projects that were not able to be completed on the ISS before. The Bishop Airlock is a place for creativity, and we cannot wait to see GITAI’s robotics come to life and enable incredible new technology.”
About GITAI
GITAI is a space robotics start-up developing robots that can answer the demand for tasks to be conducted in various realms of space, with a goal to reduce the cost of space labor by 100 times. Focusing on:
1.IVA and EVA (Extra-Vehicular Activity) tasks on space stations;
2.Tasks related to OOS satellites (Docking, refueling, and repairs of existing satellites; debris removal);
3.Various tasks for lunar exploration and lunar base construction;
GITAI will develop robots that can work in the harsh space environment and conduct any kind of task required by the customer. This in turn will bring about a true dawn of the space commercialization age.
Company: GITAI Inc. (US HQ), GITAI Japan (Japan subsidiary)
CEO: Mr. Sho Nakanose
URL：https://gitai.tech/en/
Inquiries: info@gitai.tech
Official Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/GITAI-1515952648445089/
Official Twitter Account: https://twitter.com/GITAI64818084
About Nanoracks
Nanoracks LLC, an XO Markets company, is the world’s leading provider of commercial space services. Nanoracks believes commercial space utilization will enable innovation through in-space manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, fiber optics – and more, allow for revolutionary Earth observation, and make space a key player in finding the solution to Earth’s problems.
Today, the company offers low-cost, high-quality solutions to the most pressing needs for satellite deployment, basic and educational research, and more –in over 30 nations worldwide. Nanoracks’ future goals are focused on the re-purposing of the upper stages of launch vehicles in-space and converting these structures into commercial habitats, both humanly and robotically tended, throughout the solar system.
XO Markets, the world’s first commercial space holding company, includes Nanoracks LLC, Nanoracks UAE, and wholly owned subsidiaries DreamUp and Nanoracks Space Outpost Europe (Nanoracks-Europe).
Media Contact: Abby Dickes, adickes@nanoracks.com
〈press kit〉
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1AsF0Vh0fNptV_0YS__jWgLipJBmPJsH3?usp=sharing
SPACE DEVELOPMENT ROBOT START-UP “GITAI” COMPLETES US$4.1M FUNDRAISING
NEWSGITAI, developing task substitution robots specifically for space applications, has completed US$4.1M fundraising as of June 2019
GITAI (HQ: San Francisco, US; Japan Branch: Meguro, Tokyo), developing task substitution robots specifically for space applications, has completed fundraising activities as of June 2019, successfully raising an additional US$4.1 million (approximately JP¥450 million) from lead investors Spiral Ventures Japan, new investors DBJ Capital (Development Bank of Japan Group) and J-Power (Electric Power Development Co., Ltd.), as well as existing investors 500 Startups Japan (now Coral Capital).
GITAI is considering carrying out further capital raising in this round, with the goal of completing fundraising activities within this year, backed by a number of investors and corporate investors, with whom discussions are currently under way. The maximum total raised is expected to be US$10 million.
GITAI plans to utilize the funds obtained from the current round to support the ongoing development of their task substitution robot, and for the planned launch of a demonstration model to the International Space Station (ISS) by the end of 2020.
■ About GITAI
In correspondence to the increasing competition of commercial space development around the globe, the demand for in-space operations is rapidly growing. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) space stations such as the ISS are being considered as platforms for commercial activities, and with US companies developing a host of commercial space stations intended to serve as space hotels and science labs, the demand is growing even more.
In response to the rapidly growing demand for in-space operations, GITAI is a robotics start-up facing the challenge of providing Robotics as a Service (RaaS) performing operations safely and precisely, in order to ease the burden of the astronauts while cutting down work hours and reducing operation costs.
GITAI tied a joint research contract with JAXA in December 2018, and in March 2019, an MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) with Asia’s largest satellite communication provider, Sky Perfect JSAT.
Of the 9 full-time members of GITAI, 6 are PhDs, 5 of whom are alumni of Tokyo University, and 2 of them serving as research associate there. The former Founder & CEO of SCHAFT (acquired by Google in 2013), Yuto Nakanishi has also joined GITAI in March of this year as the full-time COO, accelerating development of the GITAI robot.
■ About GITAI’s Robots
GITAI aims to ease the burden of the astronauts while cutting down work hours and reducing operation costs by developing robots that can substitute astronaut operations performing tasks both inside and outside the ISS.
The latest GITAI (6th generation) robot, under the limited network environment of the ISS, succeeded in conducting operations (switch operations, using tools, handling soft objects, performing scientific experiments, heavy load manipulations, etc.) that until now were considered extremely difficult for a single robot to perform.